Analisis Kualitas Air Kali Ancar Dengan Menggunakan Bioindikator Makroinvertebrata

Air merupakan kebutuhan dasar manusia yang sedanag mengalami proses penurunan kualitas. Salah satu sumber daya air yang yang sangat penting adalah sungai. Sungai telah dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber air minum, mandi dan mencuci. Selain itu dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan budidaya perikanan dan rekreasi. Sungai Kali Ancar adalah sungai yang sangat penting bagi masyarakat Kota Mataram. Berkaitan dengan kualitas air Kali Ancar telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menilai kualitas air dari aspek mutu air dengan indikator makroinvertebrata. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan tingkat kualitas air Kali Ancar Kota Mataram. Metode penelitian adalah adalah survey dan laboratorium. Analisi data spesies makroinvertebrata diidentifikasi dan dihitung untuk penentuan nilai indeknya. Kualitas air ditentukan oleh nilai indek LincolnPenelitian ini sangat penting bagi penentuan kualitas air dengan menggunakan indikator biologi atau Bioindikator. Luaran Penelitian berupa informasi atau data tentang kualitas air di sungai / kali Ancar berupa tingkat pencemaran.. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah kualitas air di kali Ancar tergolong kualitas renda

Cost-Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccination in France-Accounting for Indirect Protection.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against rotavirus has shown great potential for reducing the primary cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. Previous economic evaluations of rotavirus vaccination in France have not modeled the potential impact of vaccines on disease burden via reduced transmission. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of the introduction of pentavalent rotavirus vaccination into the French infant vaccination schedule. METHODS: We developed an age-structured model of rotavirus transmission calibrated to 6 years of French gastroenteritis incidence and vaccine clinical trial data. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of pentavalent rotavirus vaccination considering that 75% of infants would receive the three-dose vaccine course. RESULTS: Our model predicts that rotavirus vaccination will decrease rotavirus gastroenteritis incidence and associated clinical outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, delay the seasonal peak of infection, and increase the age of infection. From the societal perspective, our base-case scenario predicts that vaccination coverage would be cost-effective at €115 or €135 per vaccine course at €28,500 and €39,500/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, respectively, and suggests that almost 95% of the financial benefits will be recouped within the first 5 years following vaccination implementation. From the third-party payer perspective, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from €12,500 to €20,000/QALY, respectively. Our uncertainty analysis suggests that findings were sensitive to various assumptions including the number of hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and the extent of QALY losses per rotavirus episode. CONCLUSIONS: Introducing pentavalent rotavirus vaccination into the French infant vaccination schedule would significantly reduce the burden of rotavirus disease in children, and could be cost-effective under plausible conditions

Seleksi beberapa varietas padi untuk kuat batang dan ketahanan rebah tinggi = Selection for strength straw and lodging resistance in rice

Seleksi beberapa varietas padi untuk kuat batang dan ketahanan rebah tinggi. Salah satu masalah dalam perakitan varietas untuk sistem tabela (tanam benih langsung) adalah bahwa varietas yang dibuat sistem ini harus mempunyai ketahanan rebah tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menseleksi beberapa varietas padi yang memiliki ketahanan rebah dan kuat akar tinggi, telah dilakukan di instalasi penelitian kebun Sukamandi pada MK 2002. Sebanyak 23 varietas padi ditanam dengan cara tanam benih langsung (tabela) dengan rancangan acak kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Jarak antar barisan 25 cm, dengan kerapatan tanam 60 biji per meter barisan, sehingga satu petak percobaan terdiri atas 12 baris sepanjang 5 meter. Takaran pupuk NPK (150 kg + 50 kg P2O5 + 50 K2O)/ha. Seluruh P dan K diberikan 20 hari setelah tanam dan N diberikan tiga kali, 50 + 50 + 50, pada 20, 55 dan 65 hari setelah tanam. Varietas IR-64 digunakan sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 11 varietas yang menampilkan indeks ketahanan = 1 (tahan rebah), yaitu Cibodas, Way Seputih, Cipunegara, Citanduy, Cimandiri, Cilamaya Muncul, IR-36, IR-42, IR-48, IR-54 dan IR-70. Varietas modern yang memiliki tinggi dibawah 115 cm, semuanya menampilkan indeks kerebahan = 1 (tahan rebah), yaitu IR-48, Cilamaya Muncul, Way Seputih dan Cibodas. Sedangkan varietas yang memiliki tinggi dibawah 90 cm juga menampilkan indeks kerebahan = 1, yaitu IR-36, IR-70 dan Citandeuy. Kuat batang dapat dipakai sebagai kriteria seleksi untuk katahanan rebah. Tebal kulit batang dan berat kering 5 cm potongan batang dapat dipakai sebagai alternatif kuat batang untuk kriteria seleksi ketahanan rebah (berturutturut dengan koefisien korelasi r = 0,517* dan 0,551*). Kata kunci: Padi, seleksi, kuat batang, Tabela, tahan reba

An Innovative Influenza Vaccination Policy: Targeting Last Season's Patients

Influenza vaccination is the primary approach to prevent influenza annually. WHO/CDC recommendations prioritize vaccinations mainly on the basis of age and co-morbidities, but have never considered influenza infection history of individuals for vaccination targeting. We evaluated such influenza vaccination policies through small-world contact networks simulations. Further, to verify our findings we analyzed, independently, large-scale empirical data of influenza diagnosis from the two largest Health Maintenance Organizations in Israel, together covering more than 74% of the Israeli population. These longitudinal individual-level data include about nine million cases of influenza diagnosed over a decade. Through contact network epidemiology simulations, we found that individuals previously infected with influenza have a disproportionate probability of being highly connected within networks and transmitting to others. Therefore, we showed that prioritizing those previously infected for vaccination would be more effective than a random vaccination policy in reducing infection. The effectiveness of such a policy is robust over a range of epidemiological assumptions, including cross-reactivity between influenza strains conferring partial protection as high as 55%. Empirically, our analysis of the medical records confirms that in every age group, case definition for influenza, clinical diagnosis, and year tested, patients infected in the year prior had a substantially higher risk of becoming infected in the subsequent year. Accordingly, considering individual infection history in targeting and promoting influenza vaccination is predicted to be a highly effective supplement to the current policy. Our approach can also be generalized for other infectious disease, computer viruses, or ecological networks

AFFIRM: Affinity Fusion-based Framework for Iteratively Random Motion correction of multi-slice fetal brain MRI

Multi-slice magnetic resonance images of the fetal brain are usually contaminated by severe and arbitrary fetal and maternal motion. Hence, stable and robust motion correction is necessary to reconstruct high-resolution 3D fetal brain volume for clinical diagnosis and quantitative analysis. However, the conventional registration-based correction has a limited capture range and is insufficient for detecting relatively large motions. Here, we present a novel Affinity Fusion-based Framework for Iteratively Random Motion (AFFIRM) correction of the multi-slice fetal brain MRI. It learns the sequential motion from multiple stacks of slices and integrates the features between 2D slices and reconstructed 3D volume using affinity fusion, which resembles the iterations between slice-to-volume registration and volumetric reconstruction in the regular pipeline. The method accurately estimates the motion regardless of brain orientations and outperforms other state-of-the-art learning-based methods on the simulated motion-corrupted data, with a 48.4% reduction of mean absolute error for rotation and 61.3% for displacement. We then incorporated AFFIRM into the multi-resolution slice-to-volume registration and tested it on the real-world fetal MRI scans at different gestation stages. The results indicated that adding AFFIRM to the conventional pipeline improved the success rate of fetal brain super-resolution reconstruction from 77.2% to 91.9%

Retrospective Analysis of the 2014-2015 Ebola Epidemic in Liberia.

The 2014-2015 Ebola epidemic has been the most protracted and devastating in the history of the disease. To prevent future outbreaks on this scale, it is imperative to understand the reasons that led to eventual disease control. Here, we evaluated the shifts of Ebola dynamics at national and local scales during the epidemic in Liberia. We used a transmission model calibrated to epidemiological data between June 9 and December 31, 2014, to estimate the extent of community and hospital transmission. We found that despite varied local epidemic patterns, community transmission was reduced by 40-80% in all the counties analyzed. Our model suggests that the tapering of the epidemic was achieved through reductions in community transmission, rather than accumulation of immune individuals through asymptomatic infection and unreported cases. Although the times at which this transmission reduction occurred in the majority of the Liberian counties started before any large expansion in hospital capacity and the distribution of home protection kits, it remains difficult to associate the presence of interventions with reductions in Ebola incidence

Harnessing case isolation and ring vaccination to control Ebola.

As a devastating Ebola outbreak in West Africa continues, non-pharmaceutical control measures including contact tracing, quarantine, and case isolation are being implemented. In addition, public health agencies are scaling up efforts to test and deploy candidate vaccines. Given the experimental nature and limited initial supplies of vaccines, a mass vaccination campaign might not be feasible. However, ring vaccination of likely case contacts could provide an effective alternative in distributing the vaccine. To evaluate ring vaccination as a strategy for eliminating Ebola, we developed a pair approximation model of Ebola transmission, parameterized by confirmed incidence data from June 2014 to January 2015 in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Our results suggest that if a combined intervention of case isolation and ring vaccination had been initiated in the early fall of 2014, up to an additional 126 cases in Liberia and 560 cases in Sierra Leone could have been averted beyond case isolation alone. The marginal benefit of ring vaccination is predicted to be greatest in settings where there are more contacts per individual, greater clustering among individuals, when contact tracing has low efficacy or vaccination confers post-exposure protection. In such settings, ring vaccination can avert up to an additional 8% of Ebola cases. Accordingly, ring vaccination is predicted to offer a moderately beneficial supplement to ongoing non-pharmaceutical Ebola control efforts

Social contacts, vaccination decisions and influenza in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Contact patterns and vaccination decisions are fundamental to transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. We report on age-specific contact patterns in Japan and their effect on influenza vaccination behaviour. METHODS: Japanese adults (N=3146) were surveyed in Spring 2011 to assess the number of their social contacts within a 24 h period, defined as face-to-face conversations within 2 m, and gain insight into their influenza-related behaviour. We analysed the duration and location of contacts according to age. Additionally, we analysed the probability of vaccination and influenza infection in relation to the number of contacts controlling for individual's characteristics. RESULTS: The mean and median reported numbers of daily contacts were 15.3 and 12.0, respectively. School-aged children and young adults reported the greatest number of daily contacts, and individuals had the most contacts with those in the same age group. The age-specific contact patterns were different between men and women, and differed between weekdays and weekends. Children had fewer contacts between the same age groups during weekends than during weekdays, due to reduced contacts at school. The probability of vaccination increased with the number of contacts, controlling for age and household size. Influenza infection among unvaccinated individuals was higher than for those vaccinated, and increased with the number of contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Contact patterns in Japan are age and gender specific. These contact patterns, as well as their interplay with vaccination decisions and infection risks, can help inform the parameterisation of mathematical models of disease transmission and the design of public health policies, to control disease transmission

Accounting for the spread of vaccination behavior to optimize influenza vaccination programs.

Vaccination is the most efficient means of preventing influenza infection and its complications. While previous studies have considered the externalities of vaccination that arise from indirect protection against influenza infection, they have often neglected another key factor-the spread of vaccination behavior among social contacts. We modeled influenza vaccination as a socially contagious process. Our model uses a contact network that we developed based on aggregated and anonymized mobility data from the cellphone devices of ~1.8 million users in Israel. We calibrated the model to high-quality longitudinal data of weekly influenza vaccination uptake and influenza diagnoses over seven years. We demonstrate how a simple coupled-transmission model accurately captures the spatiotemporal patterns of both influenza vaccination uptake and influenza incidence. Taking the identified complex underlying dynamics of these two processes into account, our model determined the optimal timing of influenza vaccination programs. Our simulation shows that in regions where high vaccination coverage is anticipated, vaccination uptake would be more rapid. Thus, our model suggests that vaccination programs should be initiated later in the season, to mitigate the effect of waning immunity from the vaccine. Our simulations further show that optimally timed vaccination programs can substantially reduce disease transmission without increasing vaccination uptake

Keragaan Daya Hasil Padi Gogo Aromatik Sebagai Tanaman

ABSTRACTS Grain quality of the new superior varieties is becoming similarly important to the yield potential and the resistancy to environmental stresses. This facts were reflected by demand to the aromatic rice which is sharply rising in domestic market as well as for export market. In order to anticipate the changes, since 1995 RIR has been actively organizing study on the improvement quality of rice grain. The goal of the study is to evaluate aromatic lines which are obtained from local collection or from specifically designed crossing program. From observation, selection, and evaluation of breeding lines planted at dry season (DS) of 2000, the study resulted 28 upland rice lines which are with good performances and having a good smelling (aromatic). Research conducted during dry season of 2000 and wet season (WS) of 2000-2001 at Sukamandi and at young teak plantation out of Sukamandi (along alley of one year old teak plantation). The growing season of DS concentrates on seed multiplication but inthe activities of WS 2000-2001 which was focusing on lines evaluation, the 28 selected lines were arranged in RCBD experiment with three replications. Plant variables evaluated are plant type, maturity, duration, aromatic trait, grain yield, and grain quality. Researches resulted that from 28 lines observed, there were 7 lines having a good performances. The two aromatic lines BP1 I 53-c-9 and BP1153-c-8 are with consistently good performances. The two early lines selected are IR53234-Si-5 and PR36-Si-3-8. Grain quality study showed that there are two groups of amylose-content-based, one has medium amylose (softy-boiled rice) and the other has high amylose contents (coarsely-boiled rice). Keywords: Aromatic, Duration, Early, Upland Ric